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Overview

Overview

Bismuth Technical Overview

Bismuth uses an account-based model with a unique signature-based transaction identifier.
Unlike Ethereum, Bismuth does not require a nonce to prevent replay attacks.

Unique Transaction Signature Model

Intrinsic Uniqueness
Every transaction is signed in a way that guarantees a unique digital signature.
This signature is the transaction ID.

Replay Prevention
If someone attempts to replay a transaction, the node detects that the signature/ID already exists in the ledger and rejects it automatically.

Consensus & Mining

  • Consensus Timeline

    • Pure Proof-of-Work: block 1 → 800,000
    • Hybrid PoW + Hypernodes (PoS sidechain): block 800,000 → 4,380,000
    • Pure Proof-of-Work (Post-HF4): from block 4,380,000 onward

  • Algorithms

    • Hashing: SHA-224
    • Mining: Heavy3 (CPU/GPU-friendly)
    • Difficulty: PID controller (retargets every block)
    • Block Time: 60 seconds target

  • Reward Schedule

    • Mining reward declines from ~15 BIS → 0.5 BIS
    • Tail emission: 0.5 BIS per block indefinitely (~262,800 BIS/year)
    • No premine, no ICO

  • Historical Reward Forks

    • HF1 (800k): Introduced Hypernode/PoS rewards (0.8 BIS)
    • HF2 (1.2M): Adjusted emission slope
    • HF3 (1.45M): BGV-01 linear emission model
    • HF4 (4.38M, 2025): Removed Dev rewards & Hypernode payouts permanently

  • Current Reward Model (Post-HF4)

    • Miner reward only
    • No Dev reward
    • No PoS/Hypernode reward

  • Hypernode (PoS) Era Summary

    • 0.8 BIS: block 800k → 1,200,000
    • 2.4 BIS:* block 1.2M → 4.38M
    • Removed: at block 4,380,000

  • Dev Reward

    • 10% of miner reward (until HF4)
    • Removed permanently after block 4,380,000

  • Supply

    • Total PoW minted is calculated dynamically
    • See Supply & Charts section of the documentation

Addresses & Identity

  • Legacy RSA addresses
  • ECDSA (Bis1…) address format
  • Ed25519 support modern address format
  • Smallest unit: 0.00000001 BIS (8 decimals)
  • 1 confirmation required before respending

Networking

  • Plain-text peers list
  • Optional Tor proxying
  • Mainnet port: 5658/tcp
  • Testnet port: 2829/tcp

Ledger & Storage

  • Dual-database system: RAM ledger + disk ledger
  • Hyperblock compression (≈96% RAM reduction)
  • Pruning & snapshot support for fast bootstrapping

Transaction Layer

  • Supports arbitrary data fields
  • Custom operations (e.g., token:issue, token:transfer)
  • Optional encrypted payloads (asymmetric crypto)

Projects & Ecosystem

  • Mining pool
  • Experimental casino
  • Mixer (address-anonymization)
  • Peer map
  • Hypernode sidechain (historical PoS era)

Node Configuration & Extensibility

  • Fully configurable via config.txt
  • Plug-in system for:
    • Wallet
    • Explorer
    • Monitoring
    • Tokens
    • Custom features

Open Source

References

MainnetSupply